LATEST BIOMEDICAL PROJECTS-MEDICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING-BIOMEDICAL PROJECT ABSTRACT

DsPIC Based Automated Peritoneal Dialysis

Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure

Dialysis is a therapy which eliminates the toxic wastes from the body when the kidney fails, and cannot do its job of eliminating these toxic wastes. There are two types, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

When Your Kidneys Fail:

Healthy kidneys clean your blood by removing excess fluid, minerals, and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and your blood healthy. When your kidneys fail, harmful wastes build up in your body, your blood pressure may rise, and your body may retain excess fluid and not make enough red blood cells. When this happens, you need treatment to replace the work of your failed kidneys.

How PD Works:

In PD, a soft tube called a catheter is used to fill your abdomen with a cleansing liquid called dialysis solution. The walls of your abdominal cavity are lined with a membrane called the peritoneum, which allows waste products and extra fluid to pass from your blood into the dialysis solution. The solution contains a sugar called dextrose that will pull wastes and extra fluid into the abdominal cavity. 

These wastes and fluid then leave your body when the dialysis solution is drained. The used solution, containing wastes and extra fluid, is then thrown away. The process of draining and filling is called an exchange and takes about 30 to 40 minutes. The period the dialysis solution is in your abdomen is called the dwell time. A typical schedule calls for four exchanges a day, each with a dwell time of 4 to 6 hours. Different types of PD have different schedules of daily exchanges.

Peritoneal dialysis:.

The most common form of PD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), doesn't require a machine. As the word ambulatory suggests, you can walk around with the dialysis solution in your abdomen. Other forms of PD require a machine called a cycler to fill and drain your abdomen, usually while you sleep. The different types of cycler-assisted PD are sometimes called automated peritoneal dialysis, or APD.
            The APD consists of the following sections

• Solution storage. At the beginning of the session, you connect bags of dialysis solution to tubing that feeds the cycler. Most systems include a separate tube for the last bag because this solution may have a higher dextrose content so that it can work for a daylong dwell time. 
•  
•  
•  
• Pump. The pump sends the solution from the storage bags to the heater to the body and then sends it from the abdomen to the disposal container after it's been used. 
•  
• Temp Control. Before the solution enters your abdomen, a measured dose is warmed to body temperature. Once the solution is the right temperature (37degc) and the previous exchange has been drained, a clamp is released to allow the warmed solution to flow into your abdomen. 
•  
•  
•  
•  
• Solenoid Control with Timer. The cycler's timer releases a clamp to let the used dialysis solution drain from your abdomen into a weigh bag that measures and records how much solution has been removed. Some systems compare the amount of solution inserted with the amount drained and display the net difference between the two volumes. This lets you know whether the treatment is removing enough fluid from your body. 
•  
•  
•  
•  
• Disposal container. After the used solution is weighed, it's pumped to a disposal container that you can throw away in the morning. 
•  
•  
• Alarms. Sensors will trigger an alarm and shut off the machine if there's a over temperature

Advantages of Peritoneal Dialysis Over Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis

In hemodialysis blood is pumped from the body to a filter made of tiny plastic capillaries. The blood is purified when the waste products diffuse from the blood across the membrane of these tiny capillaries. Purified blood is then returned to the arm.

www.maastechindia.com

• Hemodialysis is performed in a dialysis center for 4 hours three times a week.
• Dialysis is performed through an arteriovenous access (a v access)
• Advantages: No patient training is required.
• Disadvantages: Dialysis graft failure, lack of freedom 
•  
•  

Peritoneal Dialysis

In peritoneal dialysis the bodies own membrane is used as a filter, and the fluid drained in and out of the abdomen replaces the kidneys in getting rid of the body poisons.

• It can be done at home, but requires careful technique.
• Its advantage is more freedom and less needle sticks.
• The disadvantages are peritonitis and membrane failure.